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Vol. 12, Issue 4, 532-542, April 2002
The Genome of M. acetivorans Reveals Extensive Metabolic and Physiological Diversity
James E.
Galagan,1
Chad
Nusbaum,1
Alice
Roy,1
Matthew G.
Endrizzi,1
Pendexter
Macdonald,1
Will
FitzHugh,1
Sarah
Calvo,1
Reinhard
Engels,1
Serge
Smirnov,1
Deven
Atnoor,1
Adam
Brown,1
Nicole
Allen,1
Jerome
Naylor,1
Nicole
Stange-Thomann,1
Kurt
DeArellano,1
Robin
Johnson,1
Lauren
Linton,1
Paul
McEwan,1
Kevin
McKernan,1
Jessica
Talamas,1
Andrea
Tirrell,1
Wenjuan
Ye,1
Andrew
Zimmer,1
Robert D.
Barber,2
Isaac
Cann,3
David E.
Graham,4
David A.
Grahame,5
Adam M.
Guss,6
Reiner
Hedderich,7
Cheryl
Ingram-Smith,8
H. Craig
Kuettner,6
Joseph A.
Krzycki,9
John A.
Leigh,10
Weixi
Li,11
Jinfeng
Liu,12
Biswarup
Mukhopadhyay,6
John N.
Reeve,8
Kerry
Smith,8
Timothy A.
Springer,13
Lowell A.
Umayam,14
Owen
White,14
Robert H.
White,4
Everly Conway
de Macario,15
James G.
Ferry,16
Ken F.
Jarrell,17
Hua
Jing,13
Alberto J.L.
Macario,15
Ian
Paulsen,14
Matthew
Pritchett,6
Kevin R.
Sowers,18
Ronald V.
Swanson,19
Steven H.
Zinder,20
Eric
Lander,1,21
William W.
Metcalf,6 and
Bruce
Birren1,22
1 Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; 2 University
of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha,
Wisconsin 53141, USA; 3 University of Illinois, Department of
Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; 4 Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry,
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; 5 Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of
the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA;
6 University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana,
Illinois 61801, USA; 7 Max-Planck-Institut für
Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg,
Germany; 8 Clemson University, Department of Genetics and
Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; 9 Ohio State
University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA;
10 University of Washington, Department of Microbiology,
Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; 11 University of
Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of
Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA;
12 Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; 13 The
Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; 14 The Institute for
Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; 15 Wadsworth
Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of
Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany
(SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; 16 Penn State
University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; 17 Queen's
University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston,
Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; 18 University of Maryland
Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus
Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; 19 Syrrx, Inc., San
Diego, California 92121, USA; 20 Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York 14853, USA; 21 Department of Biology,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, USA
Methanogenesis, the biological production of
methane, plays a pivotal role in the global carbon cycle and
contributes significantly to global warming. The majority of methane in
nature is derived from acetate. Here we report the complete genome
sequence of an acetate-utilizing methanogen, Methanosarcina
acetivorans C2A. Methanosarcineae are the most
metabolically diverse methanogens, thrive in a broad range of
environments, and are unique among the Archaea in forming complex
multicellular structures. This diversity is reflected in the genome of
M. acetivorans. At 5,751,492 base pairs it is by far the
largest known archaeal genome. The 4524 open reading frames code for a
strikingly wide and unanticipated variety of metabolic and cellular
capabilities. The presence of novel methyltransferases indicates the
likelihood of undiscovered natural energy sources for methanogenesis,
whereas the presence of single-subunit carbon monoxide dehydrogenases
raises the possibility of nonmethanogenic growth. Although motility has
not been observed in any Methanosarcineae, a flagellin gene
cluster and two complete chemotaxis gene clusters were identified. The
availability of genetic methods, coupled with its physiological and
metabolic diversity, makes M. acetivorans a powerful model
organism for the study of archaeal biology.
[Sequence,
data, annotations, and analyses are available at
http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/. The sequence data described in this
paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession
no. AE010299.]
22
Corresponding author.
12:532-542 ©2002 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press ISSN 1088-9051/02 $5.00

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J. D. Jaffe, N. Stange-Thomann, C. Smith, D. DeCaprio, S. Fisher, J. Butler, S. Calvo, T. Elkins, M. G. FitzGerald, N. Hafez, et al.
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[Abstract]
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O. Revelles, M. Espinosa-Urgel, S. Molin, and J. L. Ramos
The davDT Operon of Pseudomonas putida, Involved in Lysine Catabolism, Is Induced in Response to the Pathway Intermediate {delta}-Aminovaleric Acid
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[Abstract]
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