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Vol. 11, Issue 6, 959-980, June 2001
Genome-Wide Epistatic Interaction Analysis Reveals Complex Genetic Determinants of Circadian Behavior in Mice
Kazuhiro
Shimomura,1,2
Sharon S.
Low-Zeddies,2
David P.
King,1,2
Thomas D.L.
Steeves,1
Andrew
Whiteley,1
Jani
Kushla,1
Peter D.
Zemenides,2
Andrew
Lin,2
Martha Hotz
Vitaterna,2
Gary A.
Churchill,3 and
Joseph S.
Takahashi1,2,4
1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; 2 Department of
Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois 60208-3520, USA; 3 The Jackson Laboratory,
Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
Genetic heterogeneity underlies many phenotypic variations observed
in circadian rhythmicity. Continuous distributions in measures of
circadian behavior observed among multiple inbred strains of mice
suggest that the inherent contributions to variability are polygenic in
nature. To identify genetic loci that underlie this complex behavior,
we have carried out a genome-wide complex trait analysis in 196 (C57BL/6J X BALB/cJ)F2 hybrid mice. We have characterized
variation in this panel of F2 mice among five circadian phenotypes: free-running circadian period, phase angle of entrainment, amplitude of the circadian rhythm, circadian activity level, and dissociation of rhythmicity. Our genetic analyses of these phenotypes have led to the identification of 14 loci having significant effects on
this behavior, including significant main effect loci that contribute
to three of these phenotypic measures: period, phase, and amplitude. We
describe an additional locus detection method, genome-wide genetic
interaction analysis, developed to identify locus pairs that may
interact epistatically to significantly affect phenotype. Using this
analysis, we identified two additional pairs of loci that have
significant effects on dissociation and activity level; we also
detected interaction effects in loci contributing to differences of
period, phase, and amplitude. Although single gene mutations can affect
circadian rhythms, the analysis of interstrain variants demonstrates
that significant genetic complexity underlies this behavior.
Importantly, most of the loci that we have detected by these methods
map to locations that differ from the nine known clock genes,
indicating the presence of additional clock-relevant genes in the
mammalian circadian system. These data demonstrate the analytical value
of both genome-wide complex trait and epistatic interaction analyses in
further understanding complex phenotypes, and point to promising
approaches for genetic analysis of such phenotypes in other mammals,
including humans.
4
Corresponding author.
11:959-980 ©2001 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press ISSN 1088-9051/01 $5.00

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